You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks.
Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below. Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number.
Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works like religious texts can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers.
In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source. If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change.
When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. An example would look like this: World Health Organization. A basic rule of thumb: All quotes need a page number or a paragraph number, and that includes stand-alone websites. This article was written by a professional writer, copy edited and fact checked through a multi-point auditing system, in efforts to ensure our readers only receive the best information.
To submit your questions or ideas, or to simply learn more, see our about us page: link below. Examples of How to Write a Bibliography. Additional information is available about how to:. Quotations are covered in Section 8. This guidance has been expanded from the 6th edition. For quotations of fewer than 40 words, add quotation marks around the words and incorporate the quote into your own text—there is no additional formatting needed.
For a direct quotation, always include a full citation parenthetical or narrative in the same sentence as the quotation, including the page number or other location information, e. Inner speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. Nevertheless, a wide range of methodologies and approaches have combined to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural underpinnings. Flores et al.
Everyone on the research team belonged to a stigmatized group but also held privileged identities. Throughout the research process, we attended to the ways in which our privileged and oppressed identities may have influenced the research process, findings, and presentation of results.
Use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing: when reproducing an exact definition see Section 6. Additional information is available about how to: include page numbers for quotations cite quotations from material without page numbers cite quotations that include errors indicate changes to quotations present quotations from research participants.
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