Again, this is accomplished in seconds with the same flame with no increase in volume. See the Video tape. The intriguing explanation for the large range of calorific response when the flame is applied to different materials is go verned by the rate of mono-atomic absorption of hydrogen on the surface of these materials. For example, when the flame is applied to aluminum, white heat isn't the immediate reaction as it is when applied to brick.
Instead, the flame may be shown to prod uce water on the aluminum by condensing the steam in the mantles on this hard conductive surface. The reasons for this low temperature reaction are three-fold. A The flame temperature is not high in its natural state. B The aluminum is a good conductor of heat. C The hydrogen in the heated region is only mildly absorbed into the aluminum. However, when the flame is applied to tungsten, the heated metal surface readily absorbs mono-atomic hydrogen, thus releasing the additional calorific energy obtained from the interactive division and absorption as subsequent surfaces of the metal are exposed to the applied flame.
The process accelerates under the high temperature build-up, coupled with the shielding effect of the surrounding mantles of water which, incidentally, are poor absorbers of hydrogen. The salient features of this combustion process are that nascent hydrogen is readily absorbed in most elements, and especially when this reaction occurs with a neutral flame and water is re-cycles through dissociation caused at elevated temperatures wi thin that environment.
A focal factor of this system is its ability to produce gas immediately and cheaply on demand as required. Inherent problems of storage and loss by leakage are not relevant. The neutral flame of the gas is important for welding and also as a clean heat source of energy capable of replacing fossil fuels. Totally new vacuum technology is now possible using the implosion of Brown's Gas. The vacuum is produced with no contaminants whatsoever.
No other technique for producing a vacuum of such a high purity in such a short period of time with inexpensive equipment exists. Cost of operation is an order of magnitude below existing vacuum systems. If Brown's Gas is exposed to a heat source, it will expand. Implosion of this expanded gas will utilize atmospheric pressure. Numerous pumping applications and the development of atmospheric implosion motors are the result.
Implosion, as a single react ion, only occurs with this gas and is impossible with other known substances! When Brown's Gas burns, it turns into water. When it is produced from water using electrolysis, it expands 1, to 1. Implosion is achieved with a high frequency spark of 9,00 0 Volts or higher. When subjected to electric ignition. Upon implosion, vacuum is 1, The remaining "1" becomes once again a pure form of water.
Only a low decible "ping" accompanies the implosion. The speed of detonation or burn rate is greater than 3, meters per second. There is no contraction - expansion effect when the gas is imploded only contraction.
Little heat is lost to the equipment in an implosion cycle. The low cost of gas production than ensures an inexpensive method for production of ultra high vacuum. Losses are dependent upon where DC energy is acquired.
Research Interests: Process and extraction metallurgy; engineered ceramic and metal powders; electrochemical systems; corrosion. Technologies to achieve these needs are generally sophisticated, but nevertheless can be readily justified. Abundant opportunities exist for students to become involved in this exciting field. They must, however, develop a strong fundamentals base in principles of engineering that is, mathematical methods, physics, and chemistry if they are to participate effectively.
They must also be well versed in how these fundamentals are utilized in an engineering context. My interests are primarily focused on educating students in both classroom and research environments. I joined CSM in , and over the years I have developed a broad experience base which includes process and extraction metallurgy, electrochemical te chniques for deposition of coatings and evaluation of their corrosion and other performance characteristics, and techniques for synthesis of metal and ceramic powders.
I believe that the development of today's high-performance material is limited only by the imagination of the creative and well-educated engineer. I am delighted to be able to contribute to the Materials Science Program at CSM, which offers a truly exc eptional opportunity for those who accept the challenge to pursue graduate-level education. Hypergas- Yoshiro Nakamatsu has been able to generate what you call hypergas.
I scanned in a newspaper article about his invention, but this did not copy over into html. He exhibited his invention in , and I assume he has a Japanese patent on it. I could not search the database- the search engine I used does not go back that far.
Examples of his other Japanese patents cited here, and work by another American inventor on "hypergas". Your search engine has brought you to this archive because it holds extensive news, comment and information on many companies active in the United Kingdom. Our database includes synopses of current financial news and comment from the leading UK newspapers, trade magazines and periodicals such as The Investors Chronicle.
The article below is one of those that has matched your search criteria. Information is available to registered readers in a variety of electronic formats including an automated clipping service to help you monitor your selected companies or business sectors.
With its publishing partners, News Review is building a comprehen sive overview of reporting on the UK business scene to include newspapers, trade magazines and European publications.
News Review is trusted by professional and private investors and business readers around the world as an aid to decision-making in fast-moving markets. We provide a variety of low cost subscription based services to take advantage of the Internet and electronic delivery. PURPOSE: To make the efficiency of AC generation high and to prolong the lives of cells, by providing a capacitor or battery in parallel to killed cells and storing energy, discharging it adding it to their output when the cells are made alive.
Generated power of cells 17 is charged in a capacitor or battery when light to the cells 4 is shut, and generated power of cells 18 is charged in a capacitor or battery when light to the cells 5 is shut. When the cells 5 are irradiated the outputs of the cells 18 and discharge from the capacitor or battery flow into the coil As the result, the lives become long since the cells do not deteriorate.
Energy efficiency becomes high since an AC can be obtained directly without a converter. Continuation of including streamline cont. This invention provides an apparatus for increasing the activity of the human brain which includes a section for cooling the head of a person and another section for warming his feet or legs. Inventor George Wiseman website: www. Series cell design allows simple, inexpensive compact size and light weight.
Two volts is dropped across each electrolyzer cell. There are 60 electrolyzer cells in series in a? If a full wave rectifier is used on the AC wall current, a limiting capacitor in series with the full wave rectifier load on the AC power line will automatically limited any difference in voltage.
This completely eliminates using a step down transformer P20 More than one third of the electricity going through the conventional single cell electrolyzer is wasted as wattage heat in the rectifiers.
However, a watt series cell electrolyzer for Brown? Nota bene : [James, check George? He says: " However, a watt series cell electrolyzer at volts only needs to draw 5 amps. Only a small heat sink is needed to cool these diodes, no fan. As George says,? Only a small heat sink is needed to cool this, no fan.? I may have misread the text, or George has a seriously simple typo here-the hazards of desktop publishing.
Your engineering friends would not forgive him this simple mistake if I am right. Call him and discuss these arguments on p4 with him. Perhaps he has just omitted a technical detail, I do not want to accuse him of a typo like this.
I know he is telling the truth, because I saw him using a 2 cutting tip quite large with? The ones in a conventional torch are bigger than your fist and have immense heat sinks! You must correct this-it reflects badly on you to the casual reader who knows nothing about Brown?
Felis Catus. The electrolyzer design is fairly safe as described in this book. Yull Brown's higher gas yields per 1kwh are no doubt instrument errors. They read ALL energy, not just portions of it. The last three sentences in the previous text about the alcohol booster are almost correct. Nothing was left to chance. I would advise you read and understand it before launching such ridiculous trivia as found here.
Somehow I touched a nerve yielding an emotional response instead of a scientific one. Oxyhyd 1 paper Oxyhyd 2 paper.
Abstract This invention relates to welding, brazing or the like utilizing a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen generated in substantially stoichiometric proportions in an electrolytic cell by electrolytic dissociation of water, the mixture so generated being passed from the generator through a flash-back arrestor and thence to a burner where the gases are ignited.
The invention also relates to atomic welding in which the above mentioned mixture is passed through an arc causing dissociation of both the hydrogen and oxygen into atomic hydrogen and oxygen which on recombination generate an intensely hot flame. Current U. This invention relates to welding, brazing and the like, utilizing hydrogen and oxygen, and extends to such applications as oxy-welding, oxy-cutting, atomic welding, and welding or cutting in combination with electric arc techniques. The invention also provides for the generation of hydrogen and oxygen for the abovementioned applications in combination therewith or separately.
A most important application of the invention is atomic welding utilizing the properties of atomic oxygen in combination with atomic hydrogen for welding or atomic oxygen separately for cutting. This particular application of the invention is based, among other things, on the appreciation that considerable energy is associated with the dissociation of molecular oxygen into atomic oxygen by passing this gas through an arc, and that this property can be usefully employed to generate temperatures even higher than those previously attainable with, for example, an atomic hydrogen flame.
The significance of the energy which can be obtained in this way can be appreciated from the following reactions that take place, and the heat energies associated therewith, when hydrogen and oxygen are both passed through an electric arc. On recombination of these atoms this energy is released as heat through a number of complex chemical reactions and results in an extremely high flame temperature.
Previously it would not have been considered possible to practically pass oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen together through an arc due to the highly explosive or inflammable nature of such gases.
However in accordance with the concepts of the present invention this is indeed both possible and practical and, as mentioned above, enables the realization of much higher welding or cutting temperatures than hitherto obtainable by known practical means.
One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus whereby hydrogen and oxygen can be generated quickly and conveniently for immediate use for welding, etc. For example, the practice of employing cylinders or "bottles" of gas, usually oxygen and acetylene can have significant disadvantages, particularly for users working remote from a supply depot and for whom there might be an appreciable delay between the placing of an order for a delivery of gas the the actual delivery.
For such users, in order to ensure an adequate supply of gas when a particular job demands it, it is often necessary to order fresh supplies in advance, even before the supply on hand is fully used, or else risk running out of gas before a job is completed. Since bottles of gas are generally delivered on a strictly exchange basis -- in that a used bottle must be returned in exchange for a refilled bottle -- the practice can mean a significant waste, as far as the user is concerned, if bottles containing useful amounts of unused gas have to be returned to the supplier.
The practice of using bottled gas also has associated with it a large number of other problems such as the possibility of gas leaking from bottles, possibility of industrial disputes which can result in severe delays in delivery and in supply shortages, liabilities, high purchase and storage costs, freight charges, and so on.
To illustrate some of the conditions which the consumer of bottled gas must put up with, listed below is a summary of the "conditions of sale" which apply to the sale and distribution of bottled gas.
The cylinder remains the sole property of the supplier, which retains the right to exercise at any time its proprietory powers in its discretion. It is the responsibility of the customers to provide adequate labour for the loading and unloading of all cylinders at the premises.
Cylinders are to be returned to the supplier as soon as empty, carriage and freight charges paid. No document purporting to be a receipt for any such cylinder shall be valid unless it is the suppliers printed form of receipt. Cylinders are not transferable and must not be used for any purpose other than as containers for the gas sold by the supplier and must not be delivered or sent for recharging to any place other than the suppliers gas station. The customer agrees not to resell to any person or Corporation, the gas contents of the cylinders of any part thereof.
Customers are held responsible for all loss or damage to cylinders from whatever cause arising from the time of delivery until returned to the suppliers.
Customers are advised to cover the cylinders by insurance. Where a customer has not returned a cylinder in good order and condition within six months from the date of delivery, the supplier may, at its option, charge the customer with an amount not exceeding the agreed value of the cylinder and the demurrage due in respect thereof, and such amount is payable by the customer as liquidated damages for the detention of the cylinder.
Notwithstanding the payment of such amount in respect of any cylinder, it remains the property of the suppliers and the right of the suppliers to recover possession thereof is not affected in any way. Another disadvantage, which is associated with oxy-hydrogen welding arises due to the marked ability of hydrogen to be absorbed by most metals. Thus when welding steel, for example, great care must be taken to ensure that excess hydrogen is not present otherwise it will be absorbed in the metal to cause loss of strength and brittleness.
On the other hand, an excess of oxygen would cause burning of the metal and should thus equally be avoided. It is most important therefore that with oxy-hydrogen welding the mixture at the burner be adjusted to produce a neutral flame, that is, one in which there is neither excess hydrogen nor excess oxygen. In practice it is most difficult to maintain and virtually impossible to judge by flame colour a neutral flame, and for that reason oxy-hydrogen welding is not widely used despite the inherent advantages of low cost and high heat value offered by hydrogen as a fuel.
These and other disadvantages can be overcome to a significant extent by the present invention whereby hydrogen and oxygen fuel are generated simultaneously by electrolysis in an electrolytic cell and allowed to freely mix therein to form a stoichiometric mixture that will burn with a neutral flame.
The fuel gas can be generated where and whenever required thereby eliminating the need for storage of bottles of gas and reliance on regular deliveries of gas which often cannot be guaranteed. The method of the present invention requires no diaphragms or the like to separate the hydrogen and oxygen liberated by the electrolysis process and thereby enables considerable advantages to be realized over conventional electrolytic production of these gases.
Such diaphragms have normally been regarded as essential for conventional electrolytic generators in order to separate the two gases that would otherwise form a highly explosive mixture; however, it has been found, in accordance with the present invention, that the two gases can be safely, and usefully, produced and utilized as a mixture for fuel purposes provided that suitable safety precautions, such as the employment of a flash-back arrestor, are taken.
Such safety precautions may include, for example, the employment of a device which removes electrolyte vapour from the gas and at the same time acts as a flash-back arrestor.
In obviating the need for diaphragms or the like the present invention enables the electrodes to be placed much closer together and avoids the high resistance associated with diaphragms, which in turn enables a significant increase in the rate of gas production for a given size of apparatus. In short the present invention enables the manufacture of small size equipment that is useful for a large variety of welding and similar work and that is not prohibitively bulky for the average situation: something which is impossible with conventional hydrogen-oxygen generating equipment.
In the development of apparatus from the basic concept of generation of hydrogen and oxygen electrolytically in a practical manner suitable for large industrial applications on the one hand, and small domestic applications on the other hand, a number of factors had to be taken into account, analysed and weighed one against the other.
The following is a list of some of these factors to illustrate what has been involved. The prior art problem of removing the gases from anolyte and catholyte, before diffusion and before the electrolytes are intermixed. A design of cell in which previously it was regarded impossible for the H. The shapes of cells according to purpose of the cells, and the application for which they are designed.
The possibility of improvement with permanent or electro-magnetically induced fields applied to the electrolytic cells, to cause controlled separation of a quantity of the gases generated in the cells.
Ensuring effective circulation of electrolyte between the electrodes, with as little electrical resistance as possible. The use of the cooling effect by passing of hydrogen and oxygen gases, for cooling electrolyte in the cell, for controlling the cell temperature, preferably between C to C, at which temperature the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen need a minimum of electrical energy to break.
The separation of hydrogen and oxygen from a mixture, using, possibly, a permanent magnetic field, or an electro-magnetic field which can be controlled to obtain a desired separation between the hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this principle, the oxygen could be substantially separated from the mixture and the hydrogen could be absorbed by, for example, selected metals, which have high absorption affinity for hydrogen for example, paladium which absorbs times more hydrogen from its volume.
Also, using the principle of the invention, hydrogen and oxygen can be generated in large quantities with small units and the oxygen could, for example, be separated and used to supply hospitals, baby rooms, air conditioning systems, or for any other application, when oxygen is required.
Oxygen can, in this way, be generated much faster and more conveniently than with conventional electrolytic generating equipment. The possibility of absorbing the hydrogen or oxygen by specially selected materials in small containers and where the absorbed gas can be extracted when desired for welding or brazing where it would be inconvenient or impossible to do so with conventional equipment.
The design of equipment which gives not only professional welders, but handymen, or people who would like to do welding at home with oxy-welding apparatus, but would do it only occasionally and could not justify the expense associated with conventional gas supplies. Such people cannot justify paying for bottles of gas for a single welding only having to keep the bottles, paying rent for them to keep them up to two years, to perform the next welding.
For this reason, the welding apparatus made possible by the present invention is ideal because it produces gases for welding at the time and in the quantity that is needed. Hydrogen-oxygen welding has the advantage that it does not pollute the atmosphere as does oxy-acetylene welding. The design of electrolytic cells which are safe to use as well as convenient, which cells may incorporate their own flash-back arrestors as a safety precaution or an equivalent means, to prevent the hazards of explosion or fire.
The control of the current which passes through the cells, the temperature of the cell, which is a function of current, the control of the separation of the gases, and the removal from the gases of electrolyte vapours. In this regard there has been designed a special unit with preferably conical electrodes, and a flash-back arrestor.
The flash arrestor may be constituted by a pellet of porous material, or a long capilliary pipe located between the gas generator and a burner head. The fire hazards associated with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen cannot be overemphasized and indeed it is probably mainly because of the recognized dangers associated therewith that extreme lengths have been taken to separate the two gases completely until they reach the burner.
In accordance with the present invention it has been realized that, contrary to long standing opinions, the gases can be safely mixed together even when being produced and as a result many desirable advantages can be realized.
The provision of one or more safety valves adjusted to convenient pressure for releasing excessive pressures in the cell for example, greater than 30 p. The safety valves could be attached to an alarm, for example, to indicate a failure in the current control mechanism or the cut-off switches, etc. Porous material may conveniently be placed in the burner head, so that backfire through the burner into the cell cannot occur.
In summary, the present invention contemplates, as an important feature thereof, a universal welding apparatus capable of being used to perform different types of welding operations based on the utilization of hydrogen and oxygen, making full use of the advantages which can thereby be realized, and equipment which can be made small and portable compared with existing apparatus such as that presently used for gas welding using bulky bottled hydrogen.
To generate the fuel, in accordance with the invention a small compact electrolytic cell is made possible in which the only raw material which has to be replenished from time to time is water and which can be used whenever a source of electrical energy is available to supply the necessary amount of hydrogen or hydrogen and oxygen mixture for performing atomic welding or hydrogen-oxygen flame welding. In its simplest form, the gas generating apparatus of the present invention comprises an electrolytic cell adapted to be connected to an energy source, optionally through a step down transformer and rectifier, and having means for connection to a burner, preferably through a flash-back arrestor as a safety precaution.
The apparatus may be combined with a transformer as a single compact unit and for convenience the transformer may be provided with several windings to enable it to be used for auxiliary purposes such as battery charging, electroplating, arc welding or to provide an arc for atomic welding. It has been found that a single electrolytic cell operating without diaphragms at several hundred amps will generate hydrogen and oxygen at a reasonable rate for small welding and brazing work but for larger work for example, the welding of 10 mm steel plate the required amperage becomes excessive typically of the order of A or more when considering the size of conductors and transformer and the problem of heat generation.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention these problems can be significantly reduced by arranging a plurality of cells in series and using a much smaller current to obtain the same effective gas output. In effect the capacity of a series of cells for a given current input is that of a single cell multiplied by the number of cells. Alternatively the current requirement is reduced by a factor equal to the number of cells -- for a given rate of gas production.
Even so a large number of separate cells can be excessively bulky for portable applications and in a further aspect of the invention, therefore, the bulk can be greatly reduced by arranging the cells as a single unit in which a number of electrodes, effectively in series, are arranged adjacent each other in a common electrolytic chamber, the chamber being provided with a gas collection space and an outlet for connection to, for example, gas burner means. Furthermore, only the end electrodes need be connected to an external source of electrical energy and the arrangement as a whole can be made extremely efficient and compact.
Additionally the need for a transformer for most applications can be eliminated by such an arrangement so that the apparatus can be designed to be electrically connected directly to a main electrical supply, through a bridge rectifier if desired.
By eliminating the need for a transformer, the gas generating equipment as a whole can be made surprisingly compact, to be well suited for small domestic requirements as well as heavy industrial requirements. In another important aspect of the invention, there is provided a safety device which monitors the pressure of hydrogen and oxygen being generated and regulates the current flowing through the cell s to increase or decrease the rate of gas production depending on the pressure.
In one form the device comprises a chamber containing two electrodes, at least one of which is conical, arranged in the chamber which normally contains a conductive liquid and the electrodes being connectable in series with one or more electrolytic cells used for oxygen-hydrogen production. The pressure responsive, current regulating device can be designed as an integral part of the electrolytic cell s or can be used as an attachment connectable externally and in series with the gas generating cell s.
The device can also be designed to combine the functions of a current regulating device and a flash-back arrestor, the latter function ensuring that a flame at the burner does not accidentally pass back through the hose lines to the highly explosive mixture in the gas generating cell s.
The device may incorporate a total current cut-out feature or may be used in combination with a cut-out device which fully interrupts the supply of electrical power should the pressure in the cell s accidentally exceed a maximum safe value.
The current regulating device may also operate to regulate the current passing through the cells in accordance with the temperature to maintain the temperature within a desired range.
Referring to the drawings, FIG. The cell 10 contains two plate electrodes 10a and 10b immersed in an electrolyte consisting of a solution of KOH in water and connectable through terminals 13 and 14 respectively to a source of a. Preferably, d. The source of electricity may be a transformer, typically of Amps output rating, connected to the cell through a bridge rectifier.
The flash-back arrestor 11 is constituted by a water bath in which gas liberated in the cell 10 passes through a tube 15 into the water bath 11 and thence through a tube 16 to the burner The arrangement is suitable for small welding and brazing work but becomes too bulky for very large work.
The cell 20 comprises what is in effect a series of cells constituted by a plurality of plate electrodes immersed in a solution of KOH in water. For convenience the electrodes are designated as 20a for the two electrodes at the ends and 20b for the intermediate electrodes.
The electrodes 20a are connected, via conductors 21 to terminals 22 for connection to an external supply of electricity. The mixture of hydrogen and oxygen which is evolved at the electrodes when an electric current is applied, passes through an outlet opening 23 to a flash-back arrestor and thence to a burner not shown in FIG.
The series of electrodes 20a and 20b are sealingly mounted in a tube 24 of insulating material which is provided with restricted apertures 24a at the top and 24b at the bottom, between each pair of electrodes. The apertures 24a permit gas to escape into the space 25 above the surface of the electrolyte and the apertures 24b permit electrolyte to enter freely into the spaces between each pair of electrodes.
By virtue of this arrangement the electrical resistance between any two adjacent electrodes is far less than that between non-adjacent electrodes so that the arrangement is effectively one of a large number of individual cells connected in series. A very compact arrangement is therefore obtained but one which permits a relatively high gas production rate for a reasonably low current input.
For example, a structure like that shown, consisting of the equivalent of, for example, cells can generate gas at a current input of 15A at, for example, V equal to that of a single cell requiring a current input of approximately A. Can I eliminate the step-down transformer? Why quit recommending Citric Acid? Should I drink Distilled Water?
Is my water pure enough? Can the AquaCure make a room explode? How much water should I drink? Reliably Stopping a BG Backfire. Your Cart.
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